Name:
Jess Adkins
Title:
Dr.
Organization:
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Address:
Route 9W
City:
Palisades
State/Province: New York
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
10964
Email:
jess@ldeo.columbia.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Geochemistry
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used:
3. Workshop Questions: Collection and monitoring of deep-sea coral.
4. Region of Interest: All deep ocean basins
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Alvin
ROVs
6. Abstract:
The use of deep-sea corals
as monitors of deep ocean behavior is an
exciting new area of research that requires deep submergence technology.
This new archive can address problems in two key areas of abyssal research;
the deep ocean's relation to climate on glacial/interglacial time scales
and time series of modern deep water, and vent area, chemistry on decadal
time scales. From a "paleo" point of view the corals not only
represent an
archive that records very high temporal resolution relative to deep-sea
sediments but also contains a fundamental, and until recently, unmeasurable
tracer in Paleoceanography. Coupled U-series and radiocarbon
dates from
the same coral free 14C from being a chronometer and allow us to calculate
the initial radiocarbon content of past water masses. This measurement
constrains the rate of paleo-circulation, adding transport to our
understanding of past water mass volumes and distributions.
Modern samples provide both
a calibration for our paleo studies and
the potential for time series of chemical species. This archive
is akin to
an abyssal observatory of deep-sea-chemistry spanning at least the
last
several decades. In the same way that overlap between the atmospheric
and
ice core measurements of carbon dioxide strengthened the findings from
each
data set, modern abyssal observatories and deep-sea corals could complement
each other.
Deep-sea coral studies are
in their infancy, and the types of
studies to be conducted with current and future deep submergence are
therefore varied. However, my recent work shows that there are
some key
gaps in the collections from dredges over the last 30-40 years.
We need
samples from the deep Pacific, down the sides of sea mounts and from
previously dredged "gold mines" of deep-sea corals. For all of
these
reasons, I would like to explore, with the deep submergence community,
how
to collect and monitor these animals in a more rigorous manner than
as a
side benefit to dredging.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
3
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 5
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
4
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
1
Time Series - Long:
3
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
3
Email:
jalberts@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Submergence
Vehicle Operator
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ALVIN
3. Workshop Questions: Future Trends
in Deep Submergence Research
4. Region of Interest: All Oceans
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
NA
6. Abstract:
NA
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
5
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
5
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Email:
baldwin.carole@nmnh.si.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Johnson
Sea Link II
3. Workshop Questions: 1. What is
the role of systematic biologists in
the next decade of deep-sea investigations?
What are the best sources of
funding for purely biological (micro
and macro)exploration?
4. Region of Interest: For now, tropical
Atlantic, Pacific
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Submergence systems:
Manned submersibles, ROVs
Technology development: Efficient means
of sampling organisms in the
water column, not just on the bottom.
6. Abstract:
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
1
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
5
Margins:
4
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
Time Series - Long:
Time Series - Short:
Expeditionary:
Global:
Name:
Jim Barry
Title:
Associate Scientist
Organization:
MBARI
Address:
P.O. Box 28
City:
Moss Landing
State/Province:
CA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
95039
Email:
barry@mbari.org
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ROVs
(MBARI, JAMSTEC, Other)
Subs (Shinkai, Delta)
3. Workshop Questions: What are the
priorities of the submergence science
community for future development?
More vehicles or greater capabilities
for existing vehicles. What
balance should exist between submergence
vehicles and deep-sea observatories,
since these may compete for funding.
4. Region of Interest: Eastern Pacific,
Antarctic continental margin.
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
My research is generally
concentrated along the US west coast
(chemosynthetic community studies)
and Antarctica (pelagic benthic
coupling). Submergence systems
for this work include ROVs, subsea camera
systems, and in situ sensors.
6. Abstract:
a) Current technological limitations:
Subsea navigation, sensors
(sulfide, carbon (POC, DOC), fluid
samplers, pore fluid profilers, high
resolution imaging, image analysis
systems, high dexterity manipulators
to measure / tag organisms in situ,
battery power for subs / auvs. High
resolution navigation would allow
more repeatable video transects, in
situ sensors & profiling system
would increase resolution of chemical
gradients, imaging systems would aid
in characterization of fauna
(distribution, size structure, growth,
etc.).
b) Generally available capabilities:
Greater access to vehicles for
submersible science, with high resolution
navigation & imaging, dexterous
manipulators, various sampling devices
(fluids, animals, sediments).
c) I expect an increase in the availablity
and capabilities (depth,
functionality) of both ROVs and manned
submersibles in the future. Ocean
exploration will continue to be limited
by submersible technology. An
acceleration in ocean exploration
and understanding will require greater
accessibility to submersible technology
by the scientific community.
ROVs will likely increase in importance
over manned submersibles. AUV
developments in the next decade or
two will broaden sampling capabilities
for some disciplines.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
3
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
5
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
5
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
3
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
4
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
4
Email:
Gregory_Boland@mms.gov
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Johnson
Sea Link I and II
TAMU Diaphus
Nekton Gamma
Various mini-ROV's
3. Workshop Questions: Sampling methodologies
Physical manipulation of experiment
packages
Acoustic telemetry between platforms
and experiment packages
Acoustic transmission of images
Deep >1000 m ROV scientific capabilities
4. Region of Interest: Gulf of Mexico
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
>1000 m manned submersibles
and ROV for study of deep sea biology,
especially chemosynthetic communities.
Deep ROV capabilities and payload (experiments)
6. Abstract:
What are the current technological
limitations on your research, and what
science could you do if these problems
did not exist?
One of the most critical limitations
to Gulf of Mexico submergence
science is the lack of platforms capable
of greater than 1000 m
operation. The Alvin is very
difficult to obtain funding for as well as
problems with long term commitments
and availability. Deep ROV
capabilities are expanding but my
personal knowledge is lacking (a
primary reason for attending).
Additional deep subs would benefit our
nation’s program but perhaps with
the escalation of deep oil and gas
development in the Gulf of Mexico,
deep ROV technology will eventually
substitute for much of the science
thought only possible by a manned
submersible.
In the Gulf of Mexico, there are potentially
twice the number of known
chemosynthetic communities that exist
below the depth capability of the
much used JSL subs. Only one
site has been investigated in the Alaminos
canyon with Alvin. Numerous
oil seeps exist in deep water (with probable
associated communities of some sort)
with no easily available platform to
investigate them.
b) What capabilities should be generally
available for submergence
science?
Fine scale manipulation of sampling
apparatus and external experiments
should be a general capability on
all submergence platforms. Little can
be done with simple visual feed back
alone. Even direct observation of
chemosynthetic communities is commonplace
now and complicated collections
and experiments must be performed
to move forward in our scientific
understanding of these spectacular
deepwater sites.
c) Where do you see submergence science going in the next decade?
Autonomous vehicles seem to be very
promising. Real time acoustic
transmission of visual data (video
or digital stills) would be a major
breakthrough for unteathered systems.
Perhaps this technology exists but
is not well known.
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INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
2
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
5
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal:
3
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
2
Global:
2
Name:
Andy Bowen
Title:
Research Specialist
Organization:
WHOI
Address:
MS #7
City:
Woods Hole
State/Province: MA
Country:
ZIP Code:
02543
Email: abowen@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Ocean Engineering
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used:
3. Workshop Questions: Facilities needs of the science comminuty
4. Region of Interest: various
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
6. Abstract:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
Margins:
Shelf and Coastal:
Polar:
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long: 3
Time Series - Short: 3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Name:
Albert M. Bradley
Title:
Engineer
Organization:
WHOI
Address:
MS #18
City:
Woods Hole
State/Province:
MA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
02543
Email:
abradley@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Submergence
Vehicle Operator
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ABE
(Autonomous Benthic Explorer)
3. Workshop Questions: What vehicle
and systems do we need?
4. Region of Interest: this solar
system, preferably earth...
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
AUVs and ROVs and what
they can do for science
6. Abstract:
Techonological Limitations
My work with AUVs is severely constrained
by current battery technology. There
are
promising improvements on the horizon,
but this remains our biggest constraint.
Perhaps the next most severe limitation
is navigation. Current Acoustic systems
in use seem to all have an accuracy
of 0.1%
of their working range. Communication
is
often a limitation, but I deemphasize
this
since to be economical to operate
an AUV
should do its job without reguiring
an
opeator. Of course there are places
where
an AUV is used as a "tetherless ROV"
(for
deep trenches) and communication then
becomes critical.
Available Capabilities
I'll be at this workshop to hear others
address this topic!
Next Decade
I think the next decade will be the
decade
of the AUV in deep ocean science.
The
question is, what are the science
problems
and how can AUV's address them?
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
3
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
3
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
3
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Name:
Robert Brown
Title:
Research Associate/ALVIN PROJECT ENGINEER
Organization:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Address:
MS # 17
City:
Woods Hole
State/Province: MA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
02543
Email:
rbrown@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Submergence Vehicle Operator
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ALVIN
JASON
3. Workshop Questions: N/A
4. Region of Interest: N/A
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Involved in development of manned and unmanned vehicles
and
instrumentation/sampling equipment for those vehicles.
6. Abstract:
These are specifically questions for science. My desire is to
enhance the
technical capabilities of our deep submergence vehicles to perform
the
science envisioned for the next decade.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 2
Margins:
4
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
1
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
4
Email:
caryc@udel.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Microbiology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
Nautile
Nekton
3. Workshop Questions:
4. Region of Interest: EPR
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Both Submersible and
ROV. I am interested in microscale sampling
capabilities in particular small water
sampling coupled with in situ
geochemical analysis. I am also
interested in rock coring at the same
scale.
6. Abstract:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
4
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
2
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long:
3
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
2
Global:
1
Email:
Pianoman@vims.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Hydrothermal
Vent Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
Jason
3. Workshop Questions: biogeography,
astrobiology, ecology
4. Region of Interest: global
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
manned, rovs, auvs, observatories
6. Abstract:
Current Limitations:
Frequency of sampling and of deploying/recovering
instruments.
Ability to access remote sites with
suite of deep submergence assets.
Capabilities available for deep submergence
science:
24-h rov ops at 6500 m or less with
full suite of capabilities mapping at
multiple scales, including imagery,
sampling, instrument deployment and
recovery)manned ops at 4500 m or less
with full suite of capabilities
Future:
maintenance of current level of expeditionary
and short time-scale
observations and expansion of observatory
capabilities. Both approaches
are complementary.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
1
Margins:
4
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
3
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
2
Name:
Dale Chayes
Title:
Senior Staff Associate
Organization:
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory/CU
Address:
Instrument Lab, 61 Route 9W
City:
Palisades
State/Province:
NY
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
10964
Phone Number:
914-365-8434
Email:
dale@ldeo.columbia.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Ocean Engineering
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
Sea Cliff
Turtle
NR1
USS Hawkbill
USS Cavalla
USS Pargo
USS Pogy
Deep Tow
SeaMARC I
SeaMARC II
3. Workshop Questions: Relative merits
of "manned", unmanned, automomous
and tethered, permanent, temporary
platforms.
4. Region of Interest: Global
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Submarine-based AUV and
ROV platforms.
Submarine-based "manned" surveys.
6. Abstract:
Mapping in the arctic is seriously
limited by the ice cover and at high
latitudes by distance and weather.
The SCICEX program has proven that good
science can be done using US Navy
nuclear submarines. Better acces to such
platforms coupled with developement
of suitable techniques and technologys
will finaly allow access to these
remote and hostile areas.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
3
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
3
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
4
Polar:
5
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
2
Global:
5
Email:
ebc@soc.soton.ac.uk
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Ocean Engineering
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: None
3. Workshop Questions: Facility needs for the science community
4. Region of Interest: As determined by UK scientific community
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
ROVs & AUVs
6. Abstract:
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
4
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
3
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
3
Polar:
2
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
3
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Name:
Milene Cormier
Title:
Associate Research Scientist
Organization:
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Address:
Oceanography 208
City:
Palisades
State/Province:
NY
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
10964-8000
Email:
cormier@ldeo.columbia.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geophysics
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
and Nautile submersible;
ABE AUV.
3. Workshop Questions: - What are
the styles, volumes, aerial extents, flow
morphologies, melt pathways, and timing
of individual eruptive events at
mid-ocean ridges?
- What is the detailed distribution
of faults and fissures in the axial
region of mid-ocean ridges and what
strain does it accommodate?
4. Region of Interest: all mid-ocean
ridges
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
I am interested
in the following technology developments:
- Very accurate navigation (with resolution
of a few meters) routinely
available for manned submersibles,
AUVs, and ROVs would be wonderful.
Precise navigation would allow to
produce photomosaic of relatively large
area, and co-located, very high resolution
maps (better than available on
land!) of the bathymetry, magnetics,
gravity, temperatures, geology, etc...
- The capabilities to deploy AUVs
simultaneously to other deep submergence
systems would greatly optimize the
use of ship time. It would require the
conception of a new transponder systems
that could be queried
simultaneously by different platforms
(?)
- The capabilities to recover
many rock samples (several dozens? Small
glass chips would be sufficient...)
during a single deployment would allow
very precise geological mapping.
6. Abstract:
During a recent cruise to the East Pacific Rise, we surveyed an 2.5
km2 area of the seafloor with
the AUV “ABE”. Because ABE’s navigation was
so accurate, we were able to
produce maps of the bathymetry, magnetic
field, CTD, and optical backscatter
as well as to obtain photomosaics of
the study area with an unprecedented
resolution. The results unambiguously
outline a system of en-echelon eruptive
fissures, the lava pillars standing
within the fissures, the individual
lava lobes, networks of lava channels
and collapse lava tubes emanating
from these fissures, and even the
locations of a few black smokers.
In view of these exciting results, I envision the following
developments as important to future
research:
- The capability to simultaneous use
several platforms, such as Alvin plus
a few AUVs, would provide an optimal
use of ship-time. It would require a
modification of the present transponder
navigation system to allow several
platforms to communicate simultaneously
with the array of acoustic beacons.
- An accurate navigation for
all the platforms (better than 5 m) would
allow the precise co-location of the
different data sets.
- The possibility to collect
more samples during one deployment. For
instance, the possibility to collect
a few basaltic glass chips at several
dozen locations during one dive would
allow the systematic typing of lavas
in the neovolcanic zone at mid-ocean
ridges.
- An extended battery life for
AUVs would allow more time on bottom and
therefore increase the areas that
could be surveyed during one cruise.
- The availability of gravimeters
that makes continuous underway
measurements on AUVs or ROVs.
The feasibility of these measurements has
been recently demonstrated on Alvin,
and would potentially be done more
effectively from AUVs.
Near-bottom surveys will become increasingly time- and
cost-efficient with the use of several
complementary platforms during one
cruise. Unlike tethered ROVs,
manned submersibles offer an immediate 3–D,
peripheral view of the seafloor.
As such, in the hand of experienced field
scientists, they allow for a very
efficient exploration of the seafloor.
Manned submersible are also versatile
and effective sampling platforms.
ROVs and AUVs on the other hand are
unsurpassed for providing the complete
geological and biological context
of an area.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
4
Margins:
1
Shelf and Coastal:
2
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long:
3
Time Series - Short:
2
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
1
Email:
ncrane@marinetech.org
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Fisheries
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Saturation
(Aquarius)
Scuba
ROV
3. Workshop Questions: Our NSF funded
center is involved with the
development of educational programs
to prepare people for careers in
marine science and technology.
The focus is on the technical and support
side of commercial and research operations.
We are actively developing
partnerships and collaborations with
industry and academic programs to
shape the work we do, and provide
opportunities for students.
4. Region of Interest: National
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Scuba (research and applied
diving)
ROV's: piloting, maintenance, operations
Subs: piloting, maintenance, operations
AUV's: piloting, maintenance, operations
Other: instrumentation, telemetry,
remote sensing
6. Abstract:
Given the nature of our program, the
above questions are not entirely
relevant. I have included an
abstract here which describes our work, and
the major technical areas in which
we concentrate.
Marine Advanced Technology Education
(MATE) Center:
Education and preparation for careers
in ocean science and technology
www.marinetech.org
The National Science Foundation’s
Advanced Technological Education (ATE)
program is showing their commitment
to improving the education of people
who work in and are interested in
ocean-related careers through their
award to the Marine Advanced Technology
Education (MATE) Center. The
MATE Center is located at Monterey
Peninsula College in Monterey
California. It was established
in September 1997.
The MATE Center is a partnership of
organizations and individuals
concerned with the broad field of
marine science and technology and the
education of people to work in that
field. Technological advances have
created new opportunities for ocean
exploration and research, and will
shape a growing need for people who
understand and can work with the
technology. The MATE Center
is coordinating and facilitating the
development of programs in marine
science and technology involving high
schools, technical schools, community
and four-year colleges, and
graduate schools, with an emphasis
on community college program
development, to meet that need. The
MATE Center is developing
collaborations between educational
institutions and industry, military,
government, research, and labor organizations.
These collaborations
facilitate the development of courses
and programs based on
industry-established guidelines, which
provides students with both
academic and technical skills and
knowledge.
The Center has launched a national
technical internship program in
partnership with the University National
Oceanographic Laboratory System
(UNOLS) and the Ocean Drilling Program
(ODP). This program emphasizes
technical skill acquisition, and matches
students with positions that
best suit their interests and the
needs of the ship operations.
Hands-on, work-place experiences such
as this are an integral part of the
MATE educational pathways, and are
key to establishing relationships
between students and industry/research.
The MATE Center is conducting a series
of on-going workshops with
industry and research institutions
to gather information on the skills,
knowledge and abilities needed to
perform in several marine technical
occupational areas. These employer-based
guidelines are then used to
develop courses and programs which
are relevant and up-to-date.
Workshops have been held for Marine
Research (ship-board) Technician, ROV
Technician, Hydrographic Survey Technician,
Aquaculture Technician, and
Oil Spill Response Technician.
Using this information, Monterey
Peninsula College launched a new Marine
Science and Technology A.S degree
and certificate program in the Fall
1999.
A major goal of the Center is to heighten
the awareness of marine-related
careers and provide students, educators,
workers, and employers with
up-to-date information to assist them
in making informed choices
concerning their education and future.
In addition to being available to
educators and employers, the information
gathered through the MATE Center
is available to students and other
interested parties through our office
and our website. For more information,
call our office at 831.645.1393,
e-mail us at info@marinetech.org,
or visit our website at
www.marinetech.org
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
1
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
5
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
1
Time Series - Long:
1
Time Series - Short:
1
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Name:
Alec Crawford
Title:
Captain
Organization:
Deep Tek Ltd
Address:
Kilburns
City:
Newport on Tay
State/Province:
Fife
Country:
UK
ZIP Code:
DD6 8PL
Email:
deeptekltd@aol.com
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Ocean Engineering
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Various:
have been developing remote
electro-hydraulic systems using a
vertical hoist member to take power,
precision and lift to ever increasing
depth.
3. Workshop Questions: n/a
4. Region of Interest: n/a
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Harnessing of man-made
fibre, such as "Plasma", as part of a
novel,patented winding mechanism.
Services, such as power and fibre
optics are wound helically onto the
strength member as the bottom
equipment is deployed, and wound off
as it is winched in, due to low
specific gravity (<1.0) this opens
up the potential of going to full
ocean depth.
6. Abstract:
There are no technological limitations
on the development work we wish to
carry out, merely money.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
Margins:
Shelf and Coastal:
Polar:
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
Time Series - Long:
Time Series - Short:
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Name:
John R. Delaney
Title:
Professor
Organization:
University of Washington
Address:
School of Oceanography
City:
Seattle
State/Province:
WA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
98195
Email:
jdelaney@u.washington.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used:
3. Workshop Questions: How do entire
plates and their overlying water
masses evolve on time scales from
minutes to decades?
4. Region of Interest: Global with
focus on NE Pacific
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Fiber Optic Cable networks
and all the associated technology necessary
to provide plate scale observatories.
6. Abstract:
c) Where do you see submergence science going in the next decade?
The ocean and planetary sciences are
not so gradually shifting from an
exclusively expeditionary mode of
operation toward one that also involves
in situ experimental and interactive
modes of conducting scientific
inquiries and testing well-framed
hypotheses. This new direction will
require a host of innovations that
require extensive and diverse sensor
arrays in a broad range of remote
and hostile environments with which
scientists and educators can establish
two-way interactive communication in
real time. Systems of this type
must also deliver power to the instruments
and carry a commitment of decades
to explore the temporal behavior of the
many basic processes that form and
modify the planetary surface and control
its environment. To a first
order, many such processes operate at or below
the scale of tectonic plates.
The coming decade will see selection of a
small number of locations where comprehensive
studies of individual plates
can be conducted. These must
be complemented by a number of well-chosen,
but less comprehensive, installations
that illuminate the diversity and
complexity of the basic solid earth,
planetary, or oceanographic processes
selected for study.
b) What capabilities should be generally available for submergence science?
All the obvious capabilities to work
the seafloor – high precision mapping
capabilities such as multibeam deep
tow systems, low light level cameras,
laser ranging and mapping systems,
sampling devices of all sorts,
positioning systems the cover the
intermediate range between long-baseline
nav systems in the 8 to 13 khz range
and the more precise high resolution
systems using 300 khz transponders.
We need powerful and precise ROV’s and
highly flexible and sophisticated
AUV’s of different sorts to allow routine
surveying, sampling, and mapping as
well as ROVERS that can tractor around
on the seafloor doing heavy jobs like
drilling and sustained observations
of specific bottom terrains.
The single most important area for
development is in the arena of chemical
and biological sensors that can
operate remotely for long periods
of time. It is anathema to some but
eventually we should move toward being
independent of the need to sample.
a) What are the current technological
limitations on your research, and
what science could you do if these
problems did not exist?
Many of the answers to b) are critical
for entering the next generation of
seafloor studies which I believe will
entail an entire new era of
exploration of the time domain within
a wide range of remote systems on
this planet and on others. We
would be well served by entraining the space
science communities and by focusing
strongly on outreach and education.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
5
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
4
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
5
Email: hdick@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Petrology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ANGUS
ALVIN
ROOPOS
SHINKAI 6500
3. Workshop Questions: Mapping lower crust and mantle in tectonic windows
-
determining the nature of the crust mantle boundary and the
architecture of the lower crust and mantle at ocean spreading
centers.
4. Region of Interest: SWIR, MAR,
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Submersibles
ROV's
Seafloor video guided rock drills
6. Abstract:
The recent highly successful
mapping of the lower crust and mantle
outcrops at Atlantis Bank in the Indian Ocean using seafloor rock drills,
ROV's and Submersibles has demonstrated the utility of using
tectonic windows into the lower crust and mantle as a means of directly
studying the architecture and composition of the lower crust and mantle
at
the ridge segment scale at slow spreading ridges. A significant problem,
however, is a limited ability to take oriented rock samples and make
structural measurements on the seafloor. Recent results drilling with
an as
yet somewhat primitive system at Atlantis Bank, however, shows that
video
guided drilling of oriented cores is well within our technological
reach
and should be an area in which resources should be focused over the
next
decade. With this ability in hand, we would be able to directly assess
tectonic rotations on the seafloor related to both local tectonics,
and
larger scale plate rotations. An improved ability to take structural
measurements, preferably using some form of laser system would make
routine
structural geology on the seaflor a reality. In particular, this should
be
developed for both ROV's and submersibles.
I continue to see ROV's
and Submersibles as complementary to each
other, but would also like to see a more robust ROV capability, similar
to
the large well powered commercial ROV's presently available in industry,
made accessible to the academic community.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
1
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
2
Time Series - Short:
2
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
1
Name:
Tommy D. Dickey
Title:
Professor
Organization:
Univ. of California, Santa Barbara
Address:
6487 Calle Real, Suite A
City:
Goleta
State/Province:
CA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
93117
Email:
tommy.dickey@opl.ucsb.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Physical Oceanography
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Moorings,
AUVs, Drifters
3. Workshop Questions:
During the past decade, there has
been a major thrust forward in sensors,
which are capable of providing important
chemical, optical, biological, and
acoustical as well as physical data.
Interdisciplinary sensor suites are
important for studying problems such
as carbon dioxide cycling and
variability, the role of biology in
upper ocean heating, phytoplankton
productivity, upper ocean ecology,
population dynamics, and sediment
resuspension. Many of the new
sensors are relatively small and have modest
power requirements. Thus, the
deployment of an increasing number of these
sensors from autonomous platforms
is becoming practical (e.g., Dickey,
1991). The increased availablity
of platforms such as moorings and AUVs is
critical for future advances.
4. Region of Interest: Open and coastal
ocesn
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Moorings and AUVs.
Interfacing new interdisciplinary sensor suites to
these platforms.
6. Abstract:
During the past decade,
there has been a major thrust forward in
sensors, which are capable of providing
important chemical, optical,
biological, and acoustical as well
as physical data. Interdisciplinary
sensor suites are important for studying
problems such as carbon dioxide
cycling and variability, the role
of biology in upper ocean heating,
phytoplankton productivity, upper
ocean ecology, population dynamics, and
sediment resuspension. Many
of the new sensors are relatively small and
have modest power requirements.
Thus, the deployment of an increasing
number of these sensors from autonomous
platforms is becoming practical
(e.g., Dickey, 1991).
Moorings have been used to
obtain chemical, optical, biological, and
acoustical data in addition to the
more common physical data (e.g.,
temperature, salinity, and currents)
and have proven to be excellent
platforms for testing and developing
new sensors (Dickey et al., 1998). A
few examples of variables which can
now be sampled from moorings include:
nitrate concentration, dissolved oxygen,
partial pressure of carbon
dioxide, scalar irradiance, spectral
inherent and apparent optical
properties, chlorophyll fluorescence,
and size distributions of particles
and zooplankton. Most variables can
be sampled every few minutes.
Already, new scientific
insights into interdisciplinary processes have
resulted from concurrent, multi-sensor
measurements from moorings.
Examples include: the roles of seasonal
and episodic forcing and eddies in
increasing upper ocean nitrate and
levels of primary productivity at mid-
and high-latitudes; monsoonal atmospheric
and eddy forcing of productivity
in the Arabian Sea; modulation of
productivity in the equatorial Pacific
through tropical instability waves,
Kelvin waves, and El Nino/La Nina
sequences; sediment resuspension via
internal solitary waves and
hurricanes; and variability in upper
ocean heating caused by phytoplankton.
Moorings are also being used to groundtruth
ocean color data collected from
satellites. Durations of interdisciplinary
moorings have typically been a
few months to a year. The major
constraint remains biofouling. However,
new anti-biofouling methods are being
developed and tested; encouraging
results suggest that this impediment
will be considerably less limiting in
the future.
Autonomous underwater
vehicles (AUVs), have also been used to collect
limited interdisciplinary data sets.
Size and power are more constraining
parameters for drifters, AUVs, floats,
and gliders than for moorings.
Nonetheless, some optical and chemical
sensors have been successfully
deployed from drifters and plans are
underway for float and glider
applications. AUVs have already carried
similar sensor suites as well as
ADCPs and turbulence probes. Again,
biofouling will be problematic for
long-term measurements from these
various platforms.
In the future, it is
likely that continued expansion will occur in the
areas of small, energy efficient,
interdisciplinary sensors. In
particular, sensors will likely be
capable of measuring a much wider range
of chemical compounds and trace elements,
higher spectral resolution
inherent and apparent optical properties
and spectral fluorescence, and
multi-frequency acoustical systems
for better resolution of zooplankton
size classes. Cost per sensor
is an important issue and may be a major
limiting factor, especially for expendable
platforms. Commercialization of
key sensors will be essential for
this reason. Telemetry of data from the
various platforms is critical for
many, if not most, new applications. The
sensor and telemetry technologies
mentioned here will be important for
maximum utilization of the various
platforms.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
5
Margins:
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
3
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
Expeditionary:
Global:
Name:
Fred Duennebier
Title:
Prof
Organization:
SOEST, Univ. of Hawaii
Address:
Dept. of Geology & Geophysics, U. of Hawaii
City:
Honolulu
State/Province: HI
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
96822
Email:
fred@soest.hawaii.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geophysics
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: PSICES V
TRIUMPH ROV
JASON/MEDEA
3. Workshop Questions: I will probably do most of my work on hot spot
volcanoes, which are not addressed in the list below.
4. Region of Interest: Pacific
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
heavy lift ROVs, submersibles
6. Abstract:
A marked increase in numbers and capabilities of submergence assets
will be
necessary to support ocean bottom observatories installed during the
next
decade. The most effective observatories will be permanent installations
that can support connection and removal of experiments on the ocean
floor,
requiring both routine maintenance and emergency support of these
observatories.
It is likely that the most efficient vehicles for servicing observatories
will be ROVs, with their capabilities of extended operations
on the ocean
floor, heavy lift, and lighter restrictions on working
in hazardous
situations, such as near cables, than manned vehicles.
At this point we are involved with two observatories, HUGO,
the Hawaii
Undersea Geo-Observatory, and H2O, the Hawaii-2 Observatory,
both of
which require servicing. HUGO has been down for more than a year,
and a
heavy-lift ROV is needed to cut the cable and lift the Junction Box
to the
surface, although getting HUGO operational again will require
a new cable.
H2O has problems with its Junction Box and seismic package which require
both of these packages to be brought to the surface. The H2O
cruise (with
JASON/MEDEA) will be completed by the time of this workshop,
bringing the
system back on line after about nine months of data loss.
Without sufficient assets to service ocean bottom observatories,
and
without procedures to provide rapid repairs when needed, they
will suffer
prolonged data losses, potentially for large numbers of experiments.
Necessary capabilities include prolonged bottom time, heavy-lift,
high
quality imagery, and considerable dexterity.
If NEPTUNE flies, it will likely require its own full-time support
vessel
and ROV on call and available for other science when not needed for
observatory support. A few other similar ROVs will be needed
to service
other observatories, depending on the number and complexity of
those
funded.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
3
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
5
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
2
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
2
Global:
4
Name:
Eileen E. Dunn
Title:
Senior Research Specialist
Organization:
Arizona State University
Address:
Department of Geology 1404
City:
Tempe
State/Province:
AZ
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
85287-1404
Email:
EEDunn@aol.com
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Ocean Engineering
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
3. Workshop Questions: How do we set
up a database of available sensors,
sampling devices, or technologies
currently being utilized by the science
community for deep-sea research? What
limits do these devices or
technologies have, and where can complete
information about them be
obtained so that research moneys are
not spent on duplicated efforts? How
do we make the community more aware
of, and provide access to, the newest
industrial technologies? Are there
thermal or chemical energy sources that
could be harnessed and utilized for
a power source for sensors and/or
sampling devices at an active vent
site to lessen the power burden on
submergence platforms in order to
extend bottom time?
4. Region of Interest: Juan de Fuco,
N EPR, S EPR
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Laboratory vent simulation
systems capable of producing an active hot
vent environment for extended periods
of time large enough for sensor or
sampling device development/testing
prior to ocean activity in order to
minimize failure/cost and/or downtime
at sea. Fiber optic sensors utilizing
an intelligent controller that will
" learn " from information received to
optimize its activities with minimal
outside assistance, if any, other than
initial set-up that will withstand
a hot vent environment for extended
periods of time.
6. Abstract:
My research is limited by the lack
of materials and technologies that will
withstand long-term the chemical,
pressure, and temperature environment at
an active hydrothermal vent.
My industrial background makes me aware of
technologies being utilized by industry
that are more advanced than those
being applied to submergence science
at this point and I am interested in
exploring ways of making those technologies
more accessible to this
community. Submergence science will
need both short and long term sensors
with the capability to sense various
spectral, chemical, or biological
activities. These sensors need to
be intelligent, reliable, and easy to
install or retrieve. There could be
a sensor dedicated to event detection
that powers up the sensor array when
an event occurs. The sensor array
information could be stored for download
via a robotic vehicle. In the next
decade, we need sensor array networks
installed in vent fields capable of
real time communication or memory
storage that is easily exchanged and
expandable. Autonomous robotic vehicles
designed for repairing, exchanging
sensors, as well as downloading information
collected by the sensor array
network could service these networks.
These robotic vehicles could be
"parked" near vent fields, close to
potential activity sites. The parking
dock could have a cabled buoy to the
surface containing a solar powered
battery-charging unit to power communication
equipment and recharge the
vehicle. The information collected
by the network could then be transmitted
to a ship or shore station.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
1
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
1
Name:
James E. Eckman
Title:
Dr.
Organization:
Office of Naval Research
Address:
800 North Quincy St.
City:
Arlington
State/Province: VA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
22217
Email:
eckmanj@onr.navy.mil
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
Sea Cliff
3. Workshop Questions: 1. What are the main limitations (technological,
pilot experience, access) to EXPERIMENTAL study of the most important
biological, physical, geological and geo-chemical issues in deep sea
science?
2. What is the best investment of limited resources available to correct
identified deficiencies in our capabilities to study deep-sea science?
4. Region of Interest: Southern California continental borderlands
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
short-term needs require a capable manned (pilot &
scientist(s))
submersible.
6. Abstract:
With respect to manned submersibles my experience over the last decade
indicates that in addition to technological advancement, pilot training
and
experience are critical to successful completion of scientific operations.
This is especially important when fine-scale maneuvering and dexterous
operations are demanded in situ. My colleagues and I have found
that the
rate of scientific productivity grows exponentially with the experience
of
the submersible operator, and I suspect this is equally true for ROV
operations.
I feel it is critical that the existing fleet of manned submersibles
be
sustained and their technological capabilities constantly upgraded.
However, there will no doubt be continued transitions to conducting
science
using technologically capable robotic vehicles which allow for more
continuous operations. Engineering improvements of ROV's are
probably key
to the future of deep-sea science.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
2
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 5
Margins:
1
Shelf and Coastal:
4
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
3
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
4
Expeditionary:
2
Global:
1
Name:
Bob Embley
Title:
Senior Scientist
Organization:
Pacific Marine Environmental Lab, NOAA
Address:
2115 S.E. OSU Dr., Hatfield Marine Science Center
City:
Newport
State/Province:
OR
Country:
U.S.A.
ZIP Code:
97365-5258
Email:
embley@pmel.noaa.gov
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: HOVs--
(1)ALVIN
(2)SEA CLIFF
(3)Johnson Sea Link
(4)Nekton
(5)SHINKAI 6500
(6)PISCES IV
ROVS--
(1) ROPOS
(2) ATV
(3) JASON
Also have Been to sea with ABE
and am longterm user of deep-towed
sidescans and camera systems.
Co-developed a deep-towed camera system
for ridge crest mapping.
3. Workshop Questions: Deep-sea eruption
processes
Tectonic, magmatic, and hydrothermal
processes along oceanic transform
fault zones
Ridge Crest seafloor observatories
4. Region of Interest: Eastern Pacific
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
ROVs and AUVs
(1)Development of advanced acoustical
and optical imaging systems
(2)Development of AUV and other technology
for autonomous event response
to events on deep seafloor
6. Abstract:
Some present limitations are:
(1) lack of high resolotion and easily
useable (mosickable) optical
imaging systems deep ocean floor.
The scale of many features we want to
look at is above size of single frame
digital cameras now used. Laser
line scan is one possibility, perhaps
mounted on an ROV which could
provide the power and stability needed.
I think we could understand a
lot more about volcanic processes
if we could provide better context for
observations and sampling within the
limited light pool of an ROV or HOV
crawling along the seafloor.
(2) A simple, easily useable 3D viewing
system for ROV pilots to make
sampling more efficient.
(3) High resolution navigation systems
that will allow users to use
multiple vehicles in the same area,
perhaps at the same time.
(4) more robust systems for deep-ocean
station keeping and heave
compensation for ROVs.
In the next decade, I see the deep-sea
community will be going more to
using ROVs and AUVs with less (percentage-wise
at least) use of HOVs.
I think NSF should to look ahead to
develop a system to better utilize
the best technology available.
The current block-funding system, which
makes it easy to use the WHOI assets
under the national facility umbrella
has worked well with ALVIN because
of its unique status. It has worked
less well with JASON; there is clearly
more competition in this arena,
and I would see this continuing in
both the ROV and the AUV areas. WHOI
is still clearly a world leader in
deep submergence technology, and i'm
not advocating comprimising their
engineering R & D in this area.
However, in those occasions where
it clearly makes sense to use an
alternate system (e.g., availablity,
some built-in option not available
on the WHOI asset, etc.), the user
shouldn't have to deal with the
perceived "penalty" of adding the
system's operational costs onto the
bottom line of the proposal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
1
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
4
Polar:
2
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
4
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
2
Global:
1
Name:
Andrew Fisher
Title:
Associate Professor
Organization:
UCSC, Earth Sciences Dept.
Address:
1156 High Street
City:
Santa Cruz
State/Province: CA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
95064
Email:
afisher@es.ucsc.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geophysics
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin, Nautile, Jason
3. Workshop Questions: How do seafloor hydrologic processes influence
geological and biological systems, and how do these systems feed back
to
influence hydrologic properties
4. Region of Interest: ridge crests, flanks, accretionary systems
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
manned and unmanned systems capable of: observatory establishment
and
servicing, heat flow measurements, running pump systems, downloading
from
data loggers, seafloor mapping, high-resolution seismic
6. Abstract:
The greatest limitations on understanding the dynamics of seafloor
hydrogeologic processes, and sorting out the coupling between hydrogeology
and magmatic, tectonic, and biological processes are (1) a lack of
high-resolution, time-series data collected at a range of temporal
and
spatial scales, and (2) the difficulties associated with making
measurements of hydrogeologic properties in general within vigorous,
transient, flow systems. Submergence sciences can help to overcome
these
limitations during the next decade by focusing on the establishment
of a
small number of observatories where in-situ experiments can be run,
and
interdisciplinary data can be collected and accessed, and by working
to
keep platforms and technology readily available to scientists studying
these problems.
There are several limitations with methods and tools available at present.
For example, heat flow measurements require vertical emplacement of
a
stable probe in the seafloor. ROVs such as Jason are too light and
unable
to hold position for the necessary time, and all subs and ROVs have
difficulty pushing the probe in straight up and down using only a
manipulator. A hydraulic insertion frame has been used in the past
to
assist with probe emplacement, but pilots are often reluctant to use
this
device, which is large and heavy. As another example, if we are to
run
long-term hydrogeologic tests in seafloor boreholes, we will need to
develop and deploy robust flow pumps capable of moving considerable
volumes
of fluid from overpressured or underpressured boreholes at controlled
rates
for months or years, and to measure and record rates of fluid flow.
Another
issue of importance for a wide range of submergence science is the
need for
real-time plotting of data and instrument locations within a GIS-like
system, including absolute, meter-scale positioning, capable of
incorporating input from a range of tools. Some scientists have created
their own systems to handle these functions, but for the rest of us,
it is
daunting to consider building such a system from scratch.
I can imagine submergence science moving towards more capable ROVs in
the
future, but I'd guess that subs with people in them will still be needed
for many complex functions. I hope that we can develop observatory
systems,
both autonomous and linked (by cable or satellite), that can respond
to
events in a way that is more rapid and efficient than sending
out ships
days or weeks later. My involvement in submergence science has been
modest
thus far, but I'd like to be more active in this area.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
2
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
4
Polar:
2
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
4
Name:
Chuck Fisher
Title:
Dr.
Organization:
Pennsylvania State University
Address:
208 Mueller lab.
City:
University Park
State/Province:
PA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
16802
Email:
cfisher@psu.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Hydrothermal
Vent Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
Nautile
Turtle
JSL I & II
Pisces II
ROPOS
JASON
3. Workshop Questions: I would prefer
to discuss technical questions at
this workshop
4. Region of Interest: The E. Pacific
Rise, The Gulf of Mexico, The JdFR
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Sub and ROV now, AUV
in the Future.
Anti-fouling camera's
chemical sensors
better sample collectors
6. Abstract:
The ecological aspects of my research,
have always been limited by to our
ability to get the quality and quantity
of samples we need. For that
reason we have developed a variety
of special devices for use on subs or
ROVs. However, my budget and
ability are considerably less than what
should be applied to some of these
efforts and there are a variety of
types of devices/improvements that
would be used by many scientists in
our community.
One type would be collection
devices for biologically relevant water
samples in sufficient numbers for
good characterization of habitat
parameters. These need to be
small volume and "pickled" in-situ for
volatile species like sulfide.
The right chemical sensor packages could
alleviate this problem for some analyses.
Over the past 15 years a
variety of people have worked on different
systems for measuring
important chemicals in situ, and numerous
biologists have benefited when
they sailed and collaboratedwith them.
If the time has come,
incorporation of a chemical sensor
package into the stock options for a
deep submergence vehicle would be
a major advance and would be utilized
by many scientists.
Another type are collection
devices designed for quantitative samples of
communities. The Alvin Box cores
are good for soft sediment, the JSL
scoop (and ROPOS "packman") are pretty
good in some situations, but that
is all that is available to the community
at this time. These
collection devices should be designed
in conjunction with transportation
devices ("bioboxes") that allow maximum
flexibility and replicate
collections. Perhaps even designs
that include secure transportation and
loading into elevators on missions
requiring multiple collection during a
single dive or deployment of an ROV.
Another is better images, which can
be used for quantification of faunal
abundance or coverage. Higher
quality imaging capability and better
methods for determining scale in images
are needed. The technology is
clearly available for this goal, only
the commitment (and $) are needed.
It seems that each of these are areas where improvement in our
current capabilities would benefit
the majority of biologists working in
either vent or seep environments and
the first and third would benefit
most biologists that use the facilities
and many geologists or
geochemists as well.
Over the past 20 years biologists have made giant strides in
understanding the biology of the organisms
that inhabit hydrothermal
vents and cold seeps. Recently
molecular tools are also making
significant contributions to our understanding
of these animals.
However, with only a relatively few
exceptions, ecological studies have
been limited to non-quantitative descriptive
work. With the knowledge
base currently in hand we are ready
to undertake studies that address
first order questions concerning the
forces that structure these
communities and test some hypotheses
generated from the study of more
accessible shallow water communities.
Better tools will be one of the
keys to making significant advances
in our understanding of the ecology
of the deep sea.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
1
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal:
Polar:
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
Time Series - Long:
1
Time Series - Short:
2
Expeditionary:
Global:
Name:
Daniel J. Fornari
Title:
Dr.
Organization: Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution
Address:
MS22 Woods Hole Rd.
City:
Woods Hole
State/Province: MA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
02543
Email:
dfornari@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
Sea Cliff
Turtle
ROV Jason
DSL-120 sonar
Argo I
3. Workshop Questions:
4. Region of Interest: E. Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Alvin, ROV Jason, DSL-120 sonar, Argo 1
6. Abstract:
We need to develop a consistent program of federal facilities
improvements and enhancements for deep submergence science
that matches our advances in scientific understanding
of seafloor processes, especially the temporal component of
many volcanic and hydrothermal processes occurring in the
deep ocean. We also need to advocate strongly for
increased funding to make deep submergence science a focus
element of national research funding, akin to ODP, in the next
decade and beyond. All of the same scientific imperatives, and arguments
regarding technological sophistication apply to a
broad range of multidisciplinary deep ocean science as they do for
ODP.
The mix of submersibles, ROVs, AUVs and mapping systems should
provide the capabilities for nested surveys using multiple
vehicles in sequentially staged field programs on the same cruise.
The depth range of the combined assets should be in the 6000 m
range to permit access to portions of active subducting margins.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
1
Margins:
1
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
4
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
4
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
3
Name:
Dudley Foster
Title:
Operations and Engineering Manager, DSV Alvin
Organization:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Address:
MS 17
City:
Woods Hole
State/Province:
MA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
02543
Email:
dfoster@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Submergence
Vehicle Operator
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: DSV
Alvin
DSL-120
Jason/Media
3. Workshop Questions: In what research
areas does the science community
think the future scientific emphasis
will be.
What tools, tasks and instruments
do they expect to need to conduct the
future science needs?
4. Region of Interest: Where ever
science has a need.
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
I expect the National
Facility will want to be an active participant in
the development of vehicles and tools
to meet the future needs for research
in all ocean environments. The hope
and expectation is that this workshop
will provide some outline of
what areas of technology need to be addresses
to meet the scientific needs.
6. Abstract:
(A) For manned vehicles, I see the
following limitations:
Limited depth capability
Limited power availability
Limited bottom work time in deeper sites
For unmanned systems
I see the following limitations:
Limited visual perspective
Limit visual resolution
Limited payloads
Limited manipulator capability due to low vehicle mass
Limited maneuverability due to tether constraints
(B) Desirable capabilities include:
Access to deepest desired sites
Remote access and monitoring on long term sites
Initial system designs that allow long term service and
maintenance of sites by either manned
or unmanned vehicles.
Improved AUV capability for site monitoring and survey work.
(C) Future of deep submergence:
Increased remote monitoring and sensing of long term bottom
stations with an emphasis on more
cost effect means to accomplish the long
term experiments.
A reduction of emphasis on "traditional" ridge studies. More focus
on monitoring and long term observations.
More emphasis on margin studies, methane environments, and studies
with more definable "social relevance".
More work in new areas of study including trenches, margins, and
global ridge areas that have had little
or no study.
More international collaboration and joint funding in areas of
common interest.
Increased activity related to life on other planetary bodies,
particularly related to life detection,
development and in-situ testing of
instruments and systems for potential
spacecraft mission applications.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
Margins:
Shelf and Coastal:
Polar:
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
Time Series - Long:
Time Series - Short:
Expeditionary:
Global:
Name:
Patricia Fryer
Title:
Dr.
Organization:
SOEST/HIGP
Address:
2525 Correa Rd.
City:
Honolulu, HI
State/Province: HI
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
96822
Email:
pfryer@soest.hawaii.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin, Shinkai 6500, Jason/Medea,
and
smaller commercial ROVs
3. Workshop Questions: How does subduction influence structural
deformation, geochemical cycling, seismicity, volcanism and biological
activity at convergent margins.
4. Region of Interest: Western Pacific
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
submersibles, ROVs and possibly AUVs
6. Abstract:
There is little doubt that the capabilities
of existing deep
submergence systems are being pushed to greater depths. The
research that
I am engaged in, however, continues to require depth capabilities
that
exceed those available with most existing submersibles and ROVs.
Because I
want to study features that extend to great depths, I would prefer
to use
an ROV (or AUV) to perform this work. Fro the sort of work I do,
ROVs must
be robust tools, capable of a variety of sampling techniques and
sufficiently powered to perform adequately as a substitute for
a deep
submersible. With greater depth capability it would be possible
to survey
features in detail with side-scan imagery and various geochemical
sensors,
obtain geological and biological samples from well-defined settings,
and
deploy a variety of instruments on the deep sea floor to monitor
geologic,
hydrologic, biologic and geochemical processes in situ for both
short- and
long-term time series experiments.
It has become increasingly apparent over
the past decade that the
amount of work for submersible systems exceeds the number of tools
available. The lack of availability of tools for time-series
efforts and
for operations in remote regions has become a problem that needs
our
attention. These problems will continue to escalate as more
effort is made
toward the establishment of ocean-floor observatory sites in the
next few
decades. Servicing these sites and down-loading data will
will require
greater access to deep submergence systems. Scientists interested
in work
in both the deep ocean and in the near shore environments who use
submersible systems must have access to both human-occupied devices
and
ROV/AUV tools as needed. It will be a challenge to devise
methods to
provide for the research needs of this community.
Deep ocean science approaches a new millennium
that will be
characterized by cooperation among scientists of many different
disciplines
to grapple with the complex linkages between physical, chemical,
biological, and geological processes occurring at and beneath the
ocean
floor throughout the world. This multidisciplinary approach
in a response
to unprecedented advances in understanding the complexities and
interdependence of various phenomena that have been made possible
through
research using deep submergence vehicles over the past two decades.
Marine
scientists from all disciplines are forecasting that the next decade
will
see even greater linkage between oceanographic disciplines.
They foresee a
need to understand the temporal dimension of the processes being
studied.
Thus they will continue to use deep ocean submersibles and newly
developed
remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles
(AUVs)
to conducting time-series and observatory based research in the
deep ocean
and at the seafloor. These approaches will enable marine
scientists to
achieve a greater understanding of the factors which influence
global
processes of climate change and geochemical mass balance, and to
grapple
with the intriguing problems of interrelated processes of crustal
generation, evolution and transport of geochemical fluids in the
crust and
into the oceans, and origins and proliferation of life both on
Earth and
beyond.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 4
Margins:
1
Shelf and Coastal: 2
Polar:
3
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
4
Time Series - Long: 3
Time Series - Short: 2
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
1
Email:
cge@mail.soc.soton.ac.uk
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Geochemistry
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: Alvin
Jason
Shinkai 6500
Nautile
3. Workshop Questions: 1) Most effective way of conducting hydrothermal
research in remote areas in the future?
2) How to establish capabilities required for deep-sea observatories?
4. Region of Interest: Global but remote areas important.
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
Increasingly ROVs and/or AUVs (e.g. to sample new vent-sites
on E.Scotia
Ridge, future discoveries on Arctic Ridges).
So: improved capabilities of ROVs & AUVs an issue. Also, development
of in
situ geochemical sensors & sampling gear.
6. Abstract:
a) Technological limitations:-
Two themes underpin my research
- a) understanding how venting is
distributed around the world’s oceans and b) understanding the fate
of
chemical tracers which are enriched in vent-fluids, once they have
been
erupted into the overlying water column:-
For global distribution
studies some of the most important work
remaining involves the search for, and preliminary seafloor investigation
of, hydrothermal vent sites in remote sections of the global ridge
crest
away from major research ports. Examples include the Southern
Ocean in
general (e.g. southern Indian Ocean) and the "Arctic" (all points north
of
Iceland). These are not areas which can be considered ideal for
manned
submersible operations and so what is dearly needed is a robust and
capable
ROV with "fly-away" potential to operate from ships of opportunity.
Requirement for such a vehicle is the ability to at least perform basic
"first-cut" vent-field sampling: imaging, vent-fluids, biology etc.
For studying near-field
processes, a key limitation is the ability
to examine the geochemical processes active within a buoyant hydrothermal
plume. Good capabilities have been developed for collecting end-member
vent-fluids whilst surface ship operations have become adept at sampling
neutrally buoyant plumes 100-300m overhead. What is still missing,
however,
is to get where the real geochemical action is: "in-between" within
the
first few tens of minutes post-eruption. That is where much of
the net
geochemical flux is determined. I recently built a simple prototype
"Buoyant Plume Sampler", since used with both "Jason" and "Alvin",
to prove
the concept and the geochemical interest. What is needed now are i)
the
development of more sophisticated (multiple) samplers and ii) vehicles
able
to "hover" to collect data/samples systematically within a buoyant
plume.
b) Capabilities that should be generally available?
The biggest UK problem, until
now, has been to have any capability
at all! I am currently part of a 3-PI bid from the SOC, however,
to
acquire a new ROV (in essence a "Jason-II" duplicate) for the UK marine
science community. Our basic capabilities/ requirements (beyond
the
vehicle itself) will be: seafloor image acquisition and centralised/
standardised basic post-acquisition support, to include navigation
and
scale/orientation determinations for quantification of features observed
(structures as well as organisms). Geochemical sampling capabilities
(my
interests) would include: fluid samplers for all of inorganics, organics,
gases; diffuse flow samplers (Medusa +/- Manifold approaches - or better?);
plume sampling equipment (including dissolved vs particulate separation);
"templates" for emplacing in situ experiments; new generation chemical
sensors as they come on-line.
c) Research in the next decade.
I see two areas for obvious
development. The first is the move
toward seafloor observatories. There is scope (finally) to gather
international enthusiasm in this direction because communication/power
issues are becoming tractable and, perhaps more importantly, because
of the
development of new instruments that can do more than just a basic OBS
and
CTD measurements. Key areas will be - sensor development (what to instal)
and ROV capability (how to instal it).
The second area I foresee
is in AUV development. This will be
pertinent not just to Observatories (routine operations) but also to
exploration work in remote areas of the global MOR. Over the next ten
years
this area of research may also attract the attention (and tax-dollars)
of
those agencies interested in searching for hydrothermal vents on Europa.
(Europa Orbiter will confirmed whether oceans exist ca. 2006; lander
launch
= 2013).
It is timely, therefore, to start thinking about how to develop AUV
capability - particulary in terms of control, manouvreability and
development of a relevant/pertinent payload.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 2
Margins:
2
Shelf and Coastal:
1
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
1
Time Series - Long:
1
Time Series - Short:
2
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
2
Name:
James Gill
Title:
Professor and Research Vice Chancellor
Organization:
University of California, Santa Cruz
Address:
Social Sciences 2, Room 150
City:
Santa Cruz
State/Province: CA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
95064
Email:
jgill@es.ucsc.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Petrology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ALVIN
3. Workshop Questions: Island arc seafloor volcanism
4. Region of Interest: Izu-Mariana
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
unfocuse
6. Abstract:
DESCEND Abstract
I wish to attend as a former and potential user of submersible technology,
and as a science administrator wanting to be well-informed about a
field
that is strategically important to my institutions. (I am the Research
Vice
Chancellor at UCSC, and Chair of the Monterey Bay Crescent Ocean Research
Consortium which includes several institutions with relevant interests
and
capabilities.)
(a) Current technological limitations on “my” science. Synoptic geochemical
and geophysical measurements are essential to the development and testing
of hypotheses in the earth sciences. Consequently, the design, deployment,
serving, and interogation of seafloor and mid-water observatories are
essential objectives. My personal interests center on seafloor and
seamount
volcanism. Scientific requirements include rapid response capability,
and
the ability to sample volcanic rocks (lavas and volcaniclastics) remotely
but with good visual control and high spatial resolution. Scientific
opportunities created thereby include temporal information and process
inference about volcano construction leading better understanding of
the
most common but least studied volcanic processes on the planet.
(b) New capabilities. I would like to see more standardized ROV’s capable
of deployment from more vessels of convenience, and that can be remotely
interogated, thereby enabling work in more geographic areas. For example,
the island arc system chosen by the international scientific community
for
collective effort (the Izu-Mariana) is difficult to access by non-Japanese
scientists for technological reasons.
(c) New directions. I would like to see more integrated and long-term
studies of a few specific areas of the seafloor, chosen to illustrate
processes that are critical to the evolution of the planet -- e.g.,
seafloor observatories and transects. Submersible technologies should
be
developed to serve the scientific needs of such focused activities.
One
such activity is volcano evolution, from seamount formation to caldera
development, at convergent plate boundaries. In situ geophysical and
geochemical monitoring, and precise geological sampling for land-based
study, are essential submersible requirements.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
3
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
3
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
4
Expeditionary:
4
Global:
3
Name:
Chris Goldfinger
Title:
Asst. Prof. Oceanography
Organization:
Oregon State University
Address:
Ocean Admin Bldg 104
City:
Corvallis
State/Province:
OR
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
97331
Email:
gold@oce.orst.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geophysics
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ALVIN,
SEACLIFF, TURTLE, ATV
DELTA, ROPOS, SCORPIO
Sidescan sonars: SeaMARC 1A,
AMS-60, AMS-150, Klein.
3. Workshop Questions: How can we
make major advances in seafloor
sampling technology?
4. Region of Interest: I presently
work mostly in Cascadia.
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
Vehicles I will use:
Deep-towed Sonars
ALVIN
ROPOS
Technology development:
Seafloor drilling
Improved deep-towed sonars, real-time
processing.
Add-on tools for sonars such as multichannel
streamers etc.
6. Abstract:
Seafloor drilling: Combination of
ODP and ROV technology
Technology for subsurface seafloor sampling over the past few
decades has consisted primarily of
two methodologies: wire-line gravity
or piston coring and DSDP/ODP drilling.
Coring techniques have improved
over the years but present capabilities
remain limited. Long coring
techniques in the US can presently
recover cores to about 15m in
hemipelagic sediments, limited by
wire strength on UNOLS vessels. Four
sets of piston coring gear have been
lost in the past 3 years from UNOLS
vessels due to this limit (two by
WHOI and two by OSU). The longest
conventional piston core ever recovered
is 55m, recovered recently (July
1998) aboard a French vessel (Marion
Dufresne). ODP hydraulic piston
coring is effective at recovering
shallow sediments (typically to 150-200
m), and ODP is capable of deep rotary
drilling, but the cost, lead-time,
and effort involved in an ODP leg
is formidable. Not all worthy projects
can be accommodated by ODP. Thus,
there is a gap in sampling capabilities
desired by marine scientists who wish
to sample more than 10-15 meters of
sediment, but cannot mount an ODP
drilling leg for each desired sample.
Filling this gap is a class of seafloor drills, the latest of
which is a new device called the Portable
Remotely Operated Drill (PROD).
This device, described further below,
will use rotary drilling or
hydraulic piston coring from a sea-floor
lander to collect cores up to
150 m in length. PROD can be
deployed from a ship of opportunity,
including the larger UNOLS vessels,
at a small fraction of the cost of
the ODP drill ship. This is
new technology, which offers a quantum leap
in our abilities to sample the sea
floor with great cost savings relative
to other methods. Not only is
PROD a drill, but to some degree it is a
powerful ROV with a range of capabilities
different from those we are
used to.
The PROD drill is the result of 15 years of development and
prototyping. This technology
is now reaching a state of maturity that
makes it useful for a variety of marine
geologic programs. It is a
sea-floor lander system, tethered
to the ship, which can drill or core up
to 150 m into the sea floor.
A prototype for the remote corer was built
by Williamson & Assoc. in 1990
with funding from NSF and the Washington
Sea Grant Program (Johnson, 1991).
This 3 m corer was deployable to
depths of 5000 m, and utilized diamond
bit drilling techniques to core
igneous substrate. This tool
was successfully deployed on the Juan de
Fuca Ridge, on the EPR, and off Hawaii.
Although successful, the drill
was lost when the umbilical fouled
on an ODP re-entry cone on the
seafloor.
In 1995, Williamson & Assoc. constructed a larger system for the
Japanese government called the Benthic
Multi-Coring System (BMS). The
BMS expanded on its predecessor, carrying
enough drill rod, core barrel
and casing to penetrate 30 m into
the seafloor. The new system
incorporates computer controls that
allow semi-automated build up and
breakdown of the drill string as sampling
progresses. This system has
now been tested and is installed aboard
the Japanese research vessel
Hakurei Maru No. 2, operated by the
Metal Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ).
Cores have been taken on a basalt
flow in 1200 m of water off Atami,
Japan (Petters and Asakawa, 1997),
and drilling operations have
continued. The BMS drill is
now (summer of 1999) being used off Okinawa.
The first-generation PROD drill improves on the BMS by
increasing penetration to 50-150 m
(depending on casing needs) and
increasing core diameter to about
2 inches. Benthic GeoTech Ltd., the
commercial/academic consortium that
has built the PROD system, has
recently constructed a hydraulic piston
corer (HPC) for the PROD system
that will allow much improved coring
of soft sediments. The addition of
HPC capability makes it possible to
consider PROD for use in
paleoceanographic work, and other
disciplines requiring complete recovery
of soft sediments in longer sections
than available with conventional
coring techniques.
The new technology corer potentially solves several problems
inherent in both traditional coring
methods and drilling from a surface
ship. Gravity, piston, and vibra
corers can only be used in relatively
soft substrate and are limited by
the length of a single core barrel.
The PROD drill eliminates this problem
by applying conventional rod
drilling techniques used on land to
the marine environment. With this
technology, drill pipe is added sequentially
in 2m lengths, and coring
proceeds sequentially in 2m increments.
The primary innovation with PROD
is the ability to rack drill pipe
and rods, and recovered cores, in twin
"carousels" on a sea-floor lander.
In addition to penetrating the sea
floor deeper than traditional coring
methods, PROD eliminates a problem
inherent in ODP style drilling, that
of ship heave, which makes for
variable bit pressure, impedes core
recovery, and disturbs the recovered
sediment. ODP has spent millions
of dollars on heave compensation, and
although partially successful, shipboard
heave compensation will never be
perfect. The PROD lands on the
sea floor, and is decoupled from the
ship. Thus, it is not influenced
by heave, and can apply pressure as
needed while being monitored in real-time
by the drilling operator. The
likely result is superb recovery of
essentially pristine sediments, even
in difficult "hard/soft" alternating
lithologies.
Seafloor drilling not only fills a
gap in present technology, but also
opens the door to new types of investigations.
Seafloor drills can case
holes, insert and remove tools and
instruments, suck or push fluids into
holes, re-enter holes, and other things
that have yet to be devised, at a
fraction of the cost of the drillship.
It seems likely that such a tool
will have such wide utility that it
will become part of the US pool of
deep submergence tools at some time
in the future.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
2
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
2
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
3
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Name:
G. Ross Heath
Title:
Professor
Organization:
University of Washington
Address:
Box 357940
City:
Seattle
State/Province:
WA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
98195-7940
Email:
rheath@u.washington.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: ROVs
Ventana, Tiburon, ROPOS
3. Workshop Questions: The use of
AUVs and ROVs to install, service, remove
and augment long time series experiments
on the sea floor supoported either
by cable or powered buoys
4. Region of Interest: Northeast Pacific
(primarily)
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
ROVs to service experiments
on cable systems
AUVs to augment cabled nodes and provide
rapid response capability in areas
such as MORs
6. Abstract:
a) Ability to dock and operate AUVs
for extended periods at cabled nodes
which can provide power and downnload
data
b) ROVs, both sophisticated (c.f. Tiburon)
and "workhorse" (c.f.
off-the-shelf oilfield types), as
well as Rovers
c) More reliable ROVs (less bailing
wire and duct tape) and less expensive
manned submersibles
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
4
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
4
Margins:
3
Shelf and Coastal:
2
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
2
Expeditionary:
1
Global:
1
Name:
Thomas A. Hickson
Title:
Post-doctoral Research Fellow
Organization:
St. Anthony Falls Laboratory
Address:
University of Minnesota
City:
Minneapolis
State/Province: MN
Country:
U.S.A.
ZIP Code:
55414
Email:
hicks007@tc.umn.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Marine Geology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: None
3. Workshop Questions: For a given submarine drainage area (Monterey
Canyon, for example), what is the magnitude and frequency of
sediment-gravity flow events?
What are near-bed sediment concentrations like for a variety of
sediment-gravity flows, turbidity currents in particular?
4. Region of Interest: California coastal margin
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated for work/technology
development:
R.O.V.
Calibrated ultrasound or laser-doppler systems for near real-time
estimation of sediment concentration profiles in active sediment-gravity
flows.
Geophones or other technology that might allow us to 'listen' for the
signature of a sediment-gravity flow event.
6. Abstract:
In my research on sediment-gravity
flow sedimentation mechanics,
one question in particular continues to come up: what are the
concentration profiles of actual sediment-gravity flows in nature
and how
do their concentration profiles vary? Laboratory experiments
provide some
insight into this matter, but the issue of scaling seems to prevent,
or at
least call into question, the applicability of scale models to real
world
flows and their deposits. The technology, at present, does not
appear to
exist to measure the concentration profiles of a turbidity current
or other
sediment-gravity flow, particularly in the region of the flow nearest
the
bed. Tethers have been used to measure concentration profiles
well above
the bed, but the relationship between these data and the near-bed
concentration is speculative at best, yet it is the near-bed concentration
that is most responsible for the deposit that the flow leaves behind.
For
sedimentologists to make informed and appropriate interpretations of
deep-water sequences, the current models of sediment-gravity flow
deposition must be calibrated by observations of modern turbidity currents,
debris flows, and other exotic flow types that include measurements
of
concentration, velocity, and acceleration.
In general, it seems that
we need several capabilities if we are to
obtain quality data on sediment-gravity flow and other seafloor processes:
(1) efficient data telemetry from or large data storage devices on
seafloor
instrumentation packages; (2) ultrasonic, laser-doppler, or other devices
for the measurement of sediment concentration profiles; (3)
velocimeters/accelerometers to measure the near-bed velocity and
accelerations of extremely energetic flows; (4) instrumentation packages
that can withstand extended periods in the submarine environment (on
the
order of years or even decades) that are capable of telemetering data
to
shore-based facilities; and (5) geophones or other instrumentation
that
allow us to 'listen' to sediment-gravity flows and make estimates of
the
magnitude/frequency relationships for a range of flow events.
Over the
next decade I would expect that most of these capabilities will be
met. In
addition, I imagine that we will see improvements in ROV technology
that
allow cheaper, deeper access to submarine sites for more scientists.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
1
The Abyss/Open Ocean: 3
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
4
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
5
Time Series - Long:
3
Time Series - Short:
4
Expeditionary:
1
Global:
1
Name:
Dr. Ray Highsmith
Title:
Director, West Coast & Polar Regions Undersea
Research Center
Organization:
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Address:
School of Fisheries & Ocean Sciences
City:
Fairbanks
State/Province:
Alaska
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
99775-7220
Email:
highsmith@ims.alaska.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Deep Sea Biology
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: We
have chartered: ALVIN, ATV,
ROPOS, DELTA, JASON, SEA CLIFF, TURTLE
3. Workshop Questions: I am primarily
an observer from a funding agency. A
major goal is to find out what the
science community feels is high priority
undersea research and what vehicles
and tools are needed to carry out that
research.
4. Region of Interest: West Coast
and Polar Regions
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
ROVs, AUVs, manned submersibles,
imaging and mapping systems,
telepresence capability, seafloor
observatories
6. Abstract:
>From the standpoint of someone who
funds research and charters vehicles to
carryout the research:
a) vehicle availability is limited,
costs are high, competitive scheduling
is often a problem, improved undersea
mapping and imaging systems are
needed
b) Would like to see more highly capable,
deepwater ROVs available.
Also, an approx. 9000 m ROV for work
in such places as the Aleutian
Trench. Improved AUV capability.
c) Increased use of ROVs, AUVs and
development of seafloor observing
systems. Improved instrumentation.
Long-term studies at sites.
As we receive proposals for a broad
range of research off the West Coast
and in Polar Regions, I would prefer
to be able to move between
sessions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
3
Margins:
5
Shelf and Coastal:
5
Polar:
5
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
3
Time Series - Long:
5
Time Series - Short:
5
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
5
Name:
Susan E. Humphris
Title:
Senior Scientist
Organization:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Address:
Clark S. 285
City:
Woods Hole
State/Province:
MA
Country:
USA
ZIP Code:
02543
Email:
shumphris@whoi.edu
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Field of Expertise: Geochemistry
2. Submergence Platform(s) Used: DSL-120,
ARGO II, Jason/Medea, Alvin
3. Workshop Questions: 1) What is
the best way to integrate deep
submergence assets to optimize finding
new hydrothermal systems and then
imaging and sampling them?
2) What are the roles that ROVs and
AUVs could/should play in observatory
science?
4. Region of Interest: Global mid-ocean
ridges
5. Types of submergence systems anticipated
for work/technology
development:
My main interest is in
assessing the extent of hydrothermal alteration
of the oceanic lithosphere and the
resulting chemical exchanges between
rocks and seawater. This requires
knowledge of (i) the volcanic and
tectonic controls on the distribution
and nature of hydrothermal activity
so that their abundance can be predicted;
and (ii) the kind of rocks
altered and the nature of the alteration
process. In order to address (i),
I need to use nested survey strategies
to find and describe the geologic
and tectonic settings of hydrothermal
vent sites along the mid-ocean
ridges. This requires acoustic
and photographic imaging at large scales as
well as detailed work to describe
the style of hydrothermal alteration. I
envisage various combinations of DSL-120.
ARGO-II, ROVs and AUVs for such a
study. In order to address (ii),
I need to be able to pick up many rocks
that are well located. This
requires the submersible, although ROVs could
be used if they had better payload
or better elevator capabilities.
6. Abstract:
The demand at present for deep submergence
equipment often results in long
waits before a field program can be
conducted. Hence, the number of
available suites of vehicles needs
to be increased. Available vehicles
should include towed imaging systems,
at least one submersible, and several
ROVs. In addition, AUVs should
be developed that are sufficiently
inexpensive that they can be used
extensively for mapping and sensor data
collection globally.
The key to successful operations is
excellent navigation, so
state-of-the-art navigation systems
are absolutely critical to every deep
submergence cruise. Improvements
or changes in navigational techniques are
needed to deal with problems, such
as acoustic shadowing, watch circles of
tethered transponders, etc.
The developments for submersibles that
should be considered include:
a) more power and better propulsion
to allow longer bottom times and
greater transit distances;
b) state-of-the-art imaging systems;
c) better (more common?) visibility
so that the scientist can see where the
pilot is collecting the samples;
d) enhanced sensitivity of the manipulator
in order to be able to pick up
samples ranging from "fragile" to
very hard (this also applies to ROVs).
There are several important issues
in the further development of ROVs:
a) they need a greater payload and
the ability to pick up samples larger
than can currently be managed;
b) the tether lengths need to be increased
so that there is a larger radius
of operation without having to move
the ship;
c) the elevator used for transport
of equipment and samples to and from
the seafloor when conducting ROV operations
needs to be improved, both in
terms of ease and efficiency of ROV-elevator
interactions and in better
locating the elevator near the site
of interest;
d) 3-dimensional viewing of the seafloor
would be extremely helpful in
terms of understanding the geologic
context of a particular site, and in
high-resolution and spatially controlled
sampling of specific features.
AUVs need to be developed to reliably
carry out seafloor mapping, data
collection using attached sensors,
and also data collection from, and
servicing of, seafloor and downhole
instrumentation.
In the next decade, deep submergence
science needs to develop the
flexibility to serve exploratory science
as well as be an integral part of
seafloor observatories, both in terms
of collecting data, and servicing
seafloor and downhole instrumentation.
This will require significant
expansion in our capabilities, particularly
of ROVs and AUVs, in order that
the field work in different geographic
areas can proceed at the same time
as site-specific observatory work.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST IN SCIENCE BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Ridge Processes:
5
The Abyss/Open Ocean:
2
Margins:
4
Shelf and Coastal:
3
Polar:
1
INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKOUT SESSIONS (1=LOW 5=HIGH)
Event Response:
2
Time Series - Long:
4
Time Series - Short:
3
Expeditionary:
5
Global:
1